Venezuelan bolívar–dollar rate jumps to nearly 480% as sanctions bite deepens

Rising tensions between the United States and Venezuela, including tighter sanctions linked to Venezuela’s oil trade, come as the country’s currency continues to slide, with the official cost of buying a US dollar rising by nearly 480% over the past 12 months.

Venezuela’s central bank on Wednesday set the official exchange rate at 301.37 bolívars to the US dollar, a rate in effect until January 2 — compared to a rate of 52.02 bolívars to the dollar at the start of 2025, highlighting the extent to which the local currency has lost value.

But the official rate is only part of the story. In reality, most Venezuelans and businesses cannot access dollars at the government rate so they are often forced to turn to unregulated channels on the black market.

On the black market, where prices are largely determined through crypto-based exchange platforms, the dollar is trading close to 560 bolívars — a gap of at least 85% compared with the official rate.

It is estimated that over two-thirds of Venezuela’s currency exchanges now take place through such platforms. Access to dollars at the government rate remains limited, forcing businesses and households to rely on the parallel market, where the currency is significantly weaker.

The widening gap between the two rates has tangible effects on daily life. Prices for food, rent, transport and imported goods are typically set using the black-market rate, while many salaries continue to be paid in bolívars, steadily eroding real incomes even when wages are adjusted in nominal terms.

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Over time, Venezuela has become increasingly dollarised as a way of coping with inflation and currency instability.

With banks and official exchange mechanisms subject to tight controls, crypto platforms have emerged as a widely used yet informal marketplace for dollars, providing liquidity in an economy where access to hard currency is constrained.

President Nicolás Maduro has claimed economic growth of nearly 9% in 2025, but estimates from private firms suggest inflation could exceed 500 percent this year. Official inflation data has not been published since October 2024.

Hard currency shortages, meaning limited access to physical currency bills and coins, have added further pressure on the bolívar, a problem compounded by Venezuela’s prolonged standoff with Washington. The country has been under a US oil embargo since 2019.

As sanctions have tightened and oil shipments have been seized, Venezuela has increasingly exported crude through unofficial channels at steep discounts, additionally limiting dollar inflows and reinforcing the cycle of currency depreciation and rising inflation.